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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.010 IBU stands for "International Bittering Unit", and is a measure of the amount of bittering compounds in a particular volume of beer, rather than a recipe unit. However, the "Hops and Beer" special issue of Zymurgy (see Bibliography) presents a formula for estimating IBU, considering several variables -- alpha acid content, wort volume, wort gravity, and time in the boil. Another way to think of this is that HBU represents the "potential" for bittering beer (the bittering strength of the hops), while IBU represents "actual" bittering, and is a measure of the beer, not the hops. 21. What is "dry hopping"? How should I dry hop? Dry hopping is the practice of adding dry hops to beer at some time after the boil. The technique is used to increase hop aroma in the finished beer, as aromatic hop compounds are quickly lost when hops are boiled. Common practice is to add the hops to a secondary fermenter, or if kegging, to the keg from which the beer will be served. Dry hops added to a fermenter should be left in contact with the beer for at least a week or two. The consensus seems to be that the amount of alcohol present by the time fermenting beer is in secondary fermentation is sufficient to prevent bacteria and/or wild yeasts from "riding in" on the hops and contaminating the beer, so sanitizing of the dry hops is not deemed necessary. Either whole hops, plugs, or pellets may be used for dry hopping. 22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts? What is Lovibond? For brewers, the Lovibond degree is a unit used to measure the color of malted barley and beer. Darker grains have a higher Lovibond measure, and contribute more color to brewed beer. Darker crystal malts (such as 60L, 80L, 120L, etc.) will provide more sweet flavor and more color than similar amounts of lighter (20L, 40L) crystal malt. Dave Miller's book (see Bibliography) provides a formula for very roughly predicting the color of finished beer in degrees L based on the grain that goes into making the beer. 23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)? How is "Wyeast" pronounced? "Wyeast" is a nickname for the Brewer's Choice line of liquid brewing yeasts from Logsdon's Wyeast Laboratories. There are more than a dozen varieties of ale and lager yeasts available from Wyeast. Many brewers that use Wyeast consider it to be of high quality, uncontaminated by bacteria. For a report on contaminants in liquid and dry yeasts available to homebrewers, see the "Yeast" special issue of Zymurgy. Good results can be obtained from either dry or liquid yeasts, especially for brewers that are willing to carefully home culture yeasts that they know to be pure and provide good results. The name Wyeast is pronounced like "Why-yeast", not "double-u yeast", and is the name that the local Native Americans had given to Mt. Hood in Oregon, which stands near the site of the Wyeast lab. 24. How do I make a yeast starter? The Wyeast package recommends making a 1.020 SG wort and pitching the active contents of the package into a sanitized bottle with an airlock to allow the quantity of active yeast cells to build up before pitching into a typical 5 gallon batch of wort. This "starter" wort is usually made from dry malt extract boiled with water at the rate of 2 tablespoons per 8 oz. cup of water. Some brewers like to throw in a couple of hop cones or pellets for their antiseptic qualities. When the starter is at high krauesen (the term is used loosely here, you often won't get a foamy head on your starter, look for visible, strong fermentation) it's ready to pitch. Typical time for a starter is 24 hours. This technique is recommended for both dry and liquid yeasts. 25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa? You multiply (or divide) by 1. PPM (parts per million) is *defined* as mg/l (milligrams per liter). -- Kurt Swanson, Dept. of Computer Science, Lunds universitet. Kurt.Swanson@dna.lth.se -- Kurt Swanson, Dept. of Computer Science, Lunds universitet. Kurt.Swanson@dna.lth.se Path: bloom-picayune.mit.edu!enterpoop.mit.edu!news.media.mit.edu!micro-heart-of-gold.mit.edu!news.bbn.com!olivea!uunet!news.claremont.edu!ucivax!gateway From: levine@dinsdale.ICS.UCI.EDU ("David L. Levine") Newsgroups: ca.driving,news.answers Subject: ca.driving FAQ Message-ID: <9212141613.aa14184@Paris.ics.uci.edu> Date: 15 Dec 92 00:13:44 GMT Expires: +2 months Reply-To: levine@ics.uci.edu Followup-To: poster Distribution: na Lines: 971 Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu Supersedes: <9210150838.aa20128@Paris.ics.uci.edu> Archive-name: ca-driving-faq Last-modified: $Date: 1992/12/15 00:12:22 $ Version: $Revision: 1.9 $ Below are some recurring questions about driving in California. Some answers are extracted from net postings. Answers include the name and email address of the author; unattributed responses might have been created out of thin air. Please send any additions, corrections, or suggestions to the update address listed in an answer, or to the Reply-To address in the header of this message. Disclaimer: any information contained herein may be incorrect and/or may simply be an expression of opinion. No guarantee of suitability for any purpose is offered or implied. No responsibility is assumed for any use, or for any consequences resulting from any use, of information contained herein. the questions: 1.How do I get a copy of the California Vehicle Code? 2.What are some noteworthy or peculiar California Vehicle Code laws? 3.What is the grace period for getting a driver's license after establishing residency in California? What is the grace period for vehicle registration? 4.How much insurance must a driver carry? 5.Do insurance companies have to be licensed in CA? How can I tell if one is? 6.What are some locations of speed and carpool lane enforcement traps? 7.Are radar detectors illegal in CA, or just not popular for some reason? 8.Do I have to have my driver's license with me when driving? 9.Do I have to have any identification with me while not driving? 10.Am I entitled to a jury trial for my traffic ticket? Can I have counsel appointed at public expense? Can I be sent to prison if found guilty? 11.Can a local cop site you for speeding on an Interstate? 12.What information is in the driver license mag stripe? 13.How often can I be cited for expired vehicle registration? And is it always or never a fix-it ticket? 14.Do out-of-state tickets appear on your California DMV printout, and can insurance companies can find this info out if they don't? 15.Do tickets dismissed by traffic school attendance appear on my DMV record? 16.When you see a sign "Litter removal next two miles by organization XXX", what exactly does XXX do? 17.What are some recommended readings? 18.What are the phone numbers of some public agencies? 19.Is window tinting legal? 20.Do I need chains in the mountains if I have snow tires? If so, what kind? 21.What's the net.recommendation for motorcycle insurance? 22.What is a "CHiPs detector"? What's the complete story on CHP radios? 23.But aren't most citizens prohibited from using mobile radio scanners? and the answers: 1.How do I get a copy of the California Vehicle Code? Go to any DMV office and pay $3.00. Many libraries carry it or a privately pulished version with interpretations and case references, such as West's Annotated California Codes and Deering's California Codes. 2.What are some noteworthy or peculiar California Vehicle Code laws? Disclaimer: these are paraphrased, and therefore may be wrong. If you need to know exactly what the law says, please look it up! -- both license plates issued for a vehicle must be displayed [CVC 5200] -- an accident must be reported within 10 days to the DMV in Sacramento if there is death, bodily injury, or property damage > $500 [CVC 16000] -- U-turns are permitted on any green light unless signs prohibit[CVC 21451] -- a driver may not stop IN the crosswalk for a red light [CVC 21453(a)] -- right turn on circular red (not a red arrow!), and left turn on circular red from a one-way street onto a one-way street, are permitted after stopping and unless otherwise posted [CVC 21453(b)] -- a driver may not turn against a red arrow for the indicated turn regardless of signals shown for other movements [CVC 21453(c)] -- curb markings [CVC 21458}: red: no stopping, standing, or parking yellow: stopping only for loading or unloading passengers or freight white: loading/unloading passengers, or depositing mail in adjacent box green: time limit parking specified by local ordinance blue: handicap parking -- a double parallel solid line may be crossed to make a left or U-turn, or turn into or out of a driveway or private road [CVC 21460] -- a two-way left-turn lane may only be used to prepare for and make a left turn or permitted U-turn from or into a highway; a vehicle shall not be driven in that lane for more than 200 feet [CVC 21460.5(c)] -- a _pair_ of double parallel solid lines may not be crossed [CVC 21651(a)] -- a U-turn can be made wherever a left turn can be made on a divided highway [CVC 21651(a)(2)], although see references to 22102-3 below -- notwithstanding speed limits, a vehicle driven less than the normal speed of traffic must be driven in the right-hand lane except when passing or preparing for a left turn [CVC 21654] -- Motorcycles can make use of high occupancy lanes unless explicitly prohibited by traffic control devices [CVC 21655.5] -- the descending vehicle shall yield to the ascending vehicle on a grade if the roadway is of insufficient width for both [CVC 21661] -- when preparing to turn, you must drive into a bicycle lane, if one, no more than 200 feet from the intersection [CVC 21717] -- pedestrians have right-of-way in crosswalks, but pedestrians shall not walk or run into the path of a vehicle [CVC 21950] -- right turns must be made into the rightmost lane except when turning from a terminating highway with three or more lanes or from a one-way highway at an intersection [CVC 22100(a)] -- left turns may be made into any available lane [CVC 22100(b)] -- U-turns must be made from the two-way left turn lane, if one, or leftmost lane otherwise [CVC 22100.5, 22102] -- U-turns are prohibited in a business district except at intersections or through openings in a divided roadway [CVC 22102] -- U-turns are permitted in a residential district only if no vehicle approaching is closer than 200 feet or where protected by sign or signal [CVC 22103] -- turn signals are required for turns and lane changes which may affect any other vehicle [CVC 22107] -- signals are required during the last 100 feet before turning [CVC 22018] -- vehicles shall be stopped or parked, where permitted, with the right-hand wheels within 18 inches of the right-hand curb; if no curbs, right-hand parallel parking is required unless otherwise indicated [CVC 22502(a)] -- it is unlawful to drive a vehicle while under the influence of an alcoholic beverage or any drug [CVC 23152(a)] -- it is unlawful for any person who has 0.08 percent or more, by weight, of alcohol in his or her blood to drive a vehicle [CVC 23152(b)] -- Lights shall not project glaring rays into the eyes of oncoming drivers when approaching within 500 feet. The use of low beams shall be deemed to avoid glare regardless of road contour. Low beam headlamps shall be used when following another vehicle within 300 feet. In all cases, foglamps and/or auxiliary passing lamps may be used with low beams if they are aimed so as to avoid projecting glaring rays into the eyes of oncoming drivers. [CVC 24403-9] -- The operator of a private motor vehicle is responsible for the use of seat belts by him/herself and all passengers 4 years of age or over [CVC 27315(d)]; in addition, passengers 16 years of age or over are responsible for their own seat belt use [CVC 27315(e)]. The fine for not wearing a seat belt is $20 for the first offense and $50 thereafter. From: Sharen A. Rund <sharen@iscnvx.lmsc.lockheed.com>: Effective 1 Jan 1993, you can be stopped and ticketed for _not_ wearing your seat belt - currently, you can only be ticketed if the officer stopped you for another infraction, then noticed that you were not wearing your seatbelt. -- a passenger seat restraint must be used for children under 4 [CVC 27360] -- there doesn't appear to be a law giving right-of-way to either party in a merge onto a freeway, although the Spring 1991 DMV California Driver Handbook states "Freeway traffic has the right of way." [p. 48]. -- there appears to be no maximum permitted number of lane changes per mile 3.What is the grace period for getting a driver's license after establishing residency in California? What is the grace period for vehicle registration? The grace period for a driver's licenses is 10 days unless you are employed for the purpose of driving, in which case there is no grace period [CVC 12505]. Application for vehicle registration is required within 20 days [CVC 4152.5]. 4.How much insurance must a driver carry? from the Spring 1991 DMV California Driver Handbook: California's COMPULSORY FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY LAW requires every DRIVER and OWNER of a motor vehicle to maintain financial responsibility. There are four forms of financial responsibility: o Coverage by a motor vehicle liability insurance policy [of at least $15,000/30,000/5,000]. o A deposit of $35,000 with DMV. o A bond for the same amount (although generally bonds are unavailable). o DMV approved self-insurance. 5.Do insurance companies have to be licensed in CA? How can I tell if one is? From: ostubble@agsm.ucla.edu (Otha Stubblefield III) on Oct 24 1992: Today's Los Angeles Times (10/23/92) carries an article on unlicensed insurers in its business section on page D1. This article does not apply solely to car insurance. Summary: The unlicensed insurance business is booming in California, with sales increasing by a factor of 30 since 1988. However, complaints have also increased by a factor of 100. Many consumers are finding that they have been paying claims to nothing more than a PO Box operation, and it is almost impossible to have a claim processed, especially if the company has surreptitiously folded. Insurers using state-licensed agencies are protected from insolvency by a fund. Also, the state has no power over unlicensed companies, that are often found to be based outside of the U.S. State law prohibits unlicensed insurers from selling in the state, unless the policyholder cannot find similar coverage from a licensed carrier. Only certain brokers (surplus-line carriers) are authorized by the state to sell out-of-state policies, and that those brokers should be checking these companies solvency. The State does acknowledge, though, that some people are not checking due to negligence or that they just don't care. You can find out if a certain carrier is ok by calling the Ca Insurance Consumer line at 800-927-HELP. End Summary: The article does not mention the penalties for using one of these companies, namely suspension of your license if you are found to be using one for the financial responsibility requirement (liability insurance). The state and DMV will consider you uninsured for the period that you were using them. They also do not mention that a companies' status (licensed to unlicensed) may change without notification to the consumer. 6.What are some locations of speed and carpool lane enforcement traps? entry format: zone, city or area, road, posted speed, submitter zones: Bay area Central Valley LA metro N CA rural S CA rural San Diego metro Certain fields omitted where not applicable. A ? indicates missing data. Direction before the road indicates submitter specified that direction of travel as the speed trap. If you would like to add to or correct the speed traps list, please (originally compiled by stevea@locus.com) (if you would like to maintain this list, please Reply!) send entries in the format you see here. Please tell me if you wish to remain anonymous. If you don't tell me, I will list you as a submitter. Bay Area, Santa Clara, E Montague @ Lafayette, 45, woolsey Bay area, Cor?elia, I-80 near where it meets I-680, 55, muir Bay area, Fremont, Grimmer Blvd near Blacow Rd--no speed limit sign, 35, marcb Bay area, Fremont, Mission Blvd and Nursery Ave, 50, marcb Bay area, Fremont, Paseo Padre near Covington Dr, 30, marcb Bay area, Fremont, Paseo Padre Pkwy near Darwin Dr, 30, marcb Bay area, Fremont, 5 Corners area (Fremont/Washington/Union etc.), 25/35, marcb Bay area, Los Gatos, N Hwy 17 Summit Rd to Hwy 9, 50, marcb Bay area, Milpitas, Milpitas Blvd S of Jacklin Rd, ??, owen Bay area, Mtn View, Easy St access ramp from Central Expwy to CA 85, 25, Anon. Bay area, Mtn View, US 101 north at CA 85, 55 (CHP hides under bridge), Anon. Bay area, Mtn View, US 101 north of Moffett Field/Castro overpass, 55 (CHP hides way off road), jet Bay area, Oakland, Mandela Pkwy (Cypress Blvd), 35, Anon. Bay area, Oyster Point, US 101 between SF Airport & Candlestick, 55, lstowell Bay area, Palo Alto or M. View?, San Antonio Rd by Sun PAL-1 building, 35, owen Bay area, Palo Alto, Alma, 25/35 or 30?, owen Bay area, Palo Alto, Page Mill Rd, 35, Anon. Bay area, Pinole, I-80, 55, owen Bay area, San Carlos/Belmont/San Mateo, I-280 @ Hwy 92, 55, lstowell Bay area, San Jose, I-880 @ US 101 both directions, 55, Anon. Bay area, Santa Clara, Lawrence Expressway, 50, Anon. Bay area, Santa Clara, San Tomas Expressway, 45, Anon. Bay area, Santa Clara, San Tomas Expressway, 45, Anon. Bay area, Sausalito, US 101 over Waldo Grade, 55, Anon. Bay area, Sunnyvale, Central Expressway--recessed portion, 50, dhepner Bay area, Sunnyvale, Wolfe Road between Evelyn and I-280, 35, dhepner Bay area, Vallejo, I-80 just NE of Vallejo at top of hill, 55, muir Central Valley, Auburn area, I-80 between Auburn & Alta, 55, muir Central Valley, Bakersfield, I-5 near Bakersfield, 65, lstowell Central Valley, Davis, I-80 @ Davis I-80 business loop, 55, muir Central Valley, Los Banos area, I-5 near CA 152, 65, lstowell Central Valley, Sacramento, I-80 thru Davis-Sacramento moderately bad, 55, muir LA metro, Corona, CA 91, 55, mcgillis LA metro, Grapevine area, I-5, 55, lstowell LA metro, W of LAX, Vista Del Mar--Rosecrans to Culver Blvd, 35/40/45, stevea N CA Rural, , I-80 between Sacramento & Tahoe, 55, lstowell N CA rural, El Dorado Co., US 50 from Placerville to Sac. Co. line, 55, Anon. S CA Rural, Solvang, US 101, 55, lstowell S CA rural, King City, US 101 in King City, 55, raveling CARPOOL LANE ENFORCEMENT Bay area, Santa Clara Co, I-280 from Guadalupe Pwky to Foothill Expwy, , marcb Bay area, Menlo Park, 101-S btwn Marsh & Willow @ Rlrd. Overpass, , gary.cook Bay area, San Jose/Milpitas, Hwy 237 near Hwy 880, , owen & marcb Submitters: owen@netcom.com mcgillis@lefty.sdd.trw.com lstowell@pyrnova.pyramid.com dhepner@hpcuhc.cup.hp.com marcb@ecst.csuchico.edu stevea@locus.com raveling@unify.com gary.cook@corp.sun.com muir@csi.com woolsey@folderol.uucp jet@nas.nasa.gov 7.Are radar detectors illegal in CA, or just not popular for some reason? From: chucko@kronos.arc.nasa.gov (Chuck Fry) on 30 Jul 92: They're perfectly legal. I think it's a combination of factors that keeps their popularity down. First, there seems to be a mistaken impression that the CHP is not permitted to use radar. This is false; although for years the Legislature shot down funding for radar equipment, local jurisdictions have always been free to provide gear to the CHP for local trouble spots, and I believe the CHP now has funding to buy a limited number of radar units of their own. And remember that local police and sheriff's deputies have never been reluctant to use radar. Second is the fact that radar is essentially useless in heavy freeway traffic, because there's no way to pinpoint one violator. And at rush hour, much of this traffic doesn't ever see the speed limit anyway. Third, I just don't think Californians have as much of an adversarial relationship with police as residents of other states do. The CHP by and large plays fair, and as a result most drivers here seem to feel they deserved a ticket if they got caught. I carry a radar detector and make frequent use of it, especially in known radar speed traps (e.g. most of Palo Alto especially Alma St. and Charleston, highway 17 through the mountains). I highly recommend a good radar detector to anyone who drives, whether your foot is made of lead or feathers, since most urban speed limits in California are set well below the 85th percentile speed and are thus de facto speed traps. 8.Do I have to have my driver's license with me when driving? If you get hauled in for a traffic violation, yes. A licensee must display it to a magistrate or judge upon request if brought before them for any traffic violation [CVC 12952]. A charge of failure to have your license in possession while driving is automatically dismissed if you produce it in court [CVC 12951(a)], as long as it was valid, etc. After two such dismissals, the court has the option not to dismiss. So, you shouldn't make a habit of not carrying it while driving. 9.Do I have to have any identification with me while not driving? Not if you don't break any laws. If you do break the law and don't want to sit in jail, it helps to have positive identification: "Whenever any person is arrested by a peace officer for a misdemeanor, that person shall be released [...] unless [...] [t]he person could not provide satisfactory evidence of personal identification" [Penal Code 853.6(i)(5)]. Note that most traffic tickets are not for misdemeanors but infractions, and "all provisions of law relative to misdemeanors shall apply to infractions" [Penal Code 19d]. 10.Am I entitled to a jury trial for my traffic ticket? Can I have counsel appointed at public expense? Can I be sent to prison if found guilty? No, no, and no [Penal Code 19c]. This only applies to infractions, of course. You get the book thrown at you, and all resulting rights and privileges, for misdemeanors and felonies whether or not committed behind the wheel. 11.Can a local cop site you for speeding on an Interstate? Yes. For felonies and public offenses (which include infractions and misdemeanors) in the presence of the officer, or actions that could cause great bodily harm or death, the sworn POST (Peace Officers Standard Training) certified officer is empowered in the entire state [see Penal Code 830, 832, 1523]. Furthermore, the authority of sheriffs, police officers, etc., extends to any place in the state as to any public offense committed (or believed to have been committed) within the political subdivision which employs him or her [Penal Code 830.1]. 12.What information is in the driver license mag stripe? (RISKS appears on Usenet as comp.risks. See any issue for information on accessing RISKS DIGEST archives.) In RISKS DIGEST 11.03, hibbert@xanadu.UUCP (Chris Hibbert) wrote: There will be a magnetic stripe on the back with three tracks encoded on it. The middle track will be encoded in the same format as your credit cards, and will therefore be readable with ordinary commercial readers. This track will only contain 40 bytes of information, and will only contain the name, driver's license number, and expiration date. The other two tracks will be in a format that is incompatible with current commercial readers, and will contain the rest of the information that is printed on the front: birth date, eye color, hair color, height, weight etc. The picture on the front will be an ordinary photo [color], with a hologram of the state and DMV seals to make counterfeiting harder. There will apparently be a different version for people under the legal drinking age: the picture will be on the right instead of the left. In RISKS DIGEST 11.63, atn@cory.Berkeley.EDU (Alan Nishioka) wrote: Just for fun, I thought I'd try to read it. I had previously been able to read bank cards (with help from sci.electronics). Bank Cards -- conform to ANSI/ISO 7810-1985 ($10) Track 1: 6 bit word with 1 bit parity. LSB first. code offset 32 below ASCII code. Track 2: 4 bit word with 1 bit parity. LSB first. Numbers only. Driver's License -- Track 1: 6 bit word with no parity. Otherwise same as Bank Card. Track 2: Same as Bank Card. Track 3: ? California Driver's License: Track 2: (low density) 8 unidentified digits License Number Separator Expiration Date (YYMM) Separator Date of Birth (YYYYMMDD) Track 1: (High density) Name Address City Track 3: (High density. Can't reposition read head. ) It looks like there is space for a 58 character name [...], a 29 character address and a 13 character city. I suspect the third track contains the rest of the information from the front of the license. 13.How often can I be cited for expired vehicle registration? And is it always or never a fix-it ticket? From: David_Carl_Ehlert@cup.portal.com on 3 mar 1992: If I had gotten a ticket for an expired registration, I would have gotten it taken care of very quickly. Here is an explanation I got from a police officer whom I asked about expired registration: He usually allows 1-2 months of padding before he pulls someone over. He will write the ticket "ALMOST" all of the time because the first time is usually a fix-it. If he pulls someone over, and they already received a ticket for the expired registration within 5-7 days of the current day, he will usually let it go. If it is longer than 5-7 days, he will always write the ticket and not make it a fix-it. Fix-it tickets are always at the discretion of the officer. As for the officer stating that you had 6 weeks, there is nothing in the CVC that states that. Once your registration expires, you should expect receiving a ticket. Your registration is due the day the one from the previous year expires. 14.Do out-of-state tickets appear on your California DMV printout, and can insurance companies can find this info out if they don't? From: gordon@TASVAX.NSWSES.NAVY.MIL (Gordon C. Zaft) on 15 Nov 1991: Well, it happened to me! I had two tickets from Texas and one from New Mexico show up on DMV record last year (they were from almost 3 years ago! I don't know why the delay) and my insurance went up $200! From: rezal@leland.Stanford.EDU (Rezal Adzly Abdul Rahman) on 19 Nov 1991: I friend of mine got a speeding ticket in Texas, two years ago, and when he recently went to get a DMV printout for the insurance company, it was there! From: wab@worf.Rational.COM (Bill Baker) on 23 Nov 1991: This is called "reciprocity". Basically what it means is that if you don't pay an out of state ticket, the DMV of the state issuing your license agrees to put it on your record and charge you for it when you go to renew your license, the idea being that the other state will do the same for tickets issued to their drivers in your home state. I've had a lot of experience with this. Most states do not have reciprocity with every other state. Most states usually have reciprocity with neighbor states. However, home states can be pretty lax about applying out of state penalties. I had my Washington license "revoked" by California, Oregon, and North Dakota, but the Wash. DMV renewed my license without complaint (as long as I paid those in state tickets). I also once tried to skip out on a bunch of Wash. tickets by applying for a new license in Oregon. I told the clerk I'd never had a license, but when he ran my ID on the computer he came back with a list of my many outstanding Washington tickets. Then he gave me a copy of the written test and told me to return it to him when I was done. I mean, he *knew* I was lying but apparently that didn't bar you from getting an Oregon license. Sometimes state rivalries can have weird fallout.